Conjectures and Refutations
Knowledge grows by bold conjectures exposed to hard refutation — the engine under iterative 'loops.'
Popper’s account of how knowledge actually advances: we don’t grind truth out of observation, we propose bold explanations and then try hard to break them. What survives severe testing is provisionally kept; what fails is discarded. It’s the epistemology sitting underneath any honest treatment of work as loops of hypothesis and error-correction.
Why it matters: seek the strongest attempt to refute your idea, not evidence to confirm it. Progress comes from surviving criticism, not avoiding it.